How sucessful was the trade union movement in the post-Civil War era?

The Industrial Era (1876-1900) was one of the most important times in American History. It was somewhat the beginning of what our society is today with the development and advancement of big businesses and capitalism. The Industrial Era was a key to great things such as modernization, industry, and urbanization, yet was also brought the rise of poverty, congestion, pollution, corruption, and crime. Big business vs. workers was an extreme aspect of the Industrial Era. State and federal government played major roles in the development of big business. The Executive as well as Judicial branch of goverment played the largest role in promoting business intrests. Big business against workers led to the development of trade unions. As big business prospered, they became in more control of society especially being allied with the government. Adam Smith published The Weath of Nations as practically a bible for those who felt government should not be associated with business. Big business continued to prosper and began to hire more and more workers to increase their profit. This led to businesses to have to lower wages. This was the main issue in the Industrial Era. Those whom were unsatisfied with their "poverty wages" as business owners stuffed their pockets with profits, formed into what is known as Labor Unions. Though Labor Unions were a great cause and way to fight big business, they were only sucessful in organization rather than making any long-term changes as they planned, meaning they were, as a whole, unsucessful in their goals.

The first major national trade union was formed right after the end of the Civil War. It was the National Labor Union (NLU). It was the first trade union to organize workers without specific requirements based upon race, gender, or level of skill. It was also open to workers of both agarian and industrial economy. Some of its goals included higher wages and the eight-hour worday. It was a time period where a ten-hour workday was average. Many workers worked longer than this. NLU was sucessful in winning eight-hour workdays for FEDERAL employees. The wages did not change nor did work hours for those in agarian or industrial work.

The Knights of Labor union was organized in 1869. Led by Terence Powderly it was somewhat opposite of the NLU. Though the NLU was in favor of equality amongst races and genders, Powderly believed in "arbitration to the strike". The Knights of Labor's objectives tended to be radical yet their approach was more modest. Membership rates of the Knights of Labor rapidly increased to three-quarters of a million members before the dreaded Haymarket riot in 1886. The Haymarket riot was was organized to protest the treatment of workers at the McCormick Harvester factory. During the protest, due to the police methods of stopping the riot an "unknown assailant", tossed a bomb klling officers ordered to stop the protest. This led to American society to blame labor unions for the violence.

The American Federation of Labor(AFL) was the union whose goals were set as "realistic". The leader of AFL was Samuel Gompers. AFL was open to skilled workers. Gompers used his membership powere to win concessions from management. It was more sucessful than the other unions. Though it was the most sucessful it was not as great as it would eventually become in the twentieth century.

Last was the Industrial Workers of the World(IWW). This union was for those with revolutionary views. The IWW was primarily radical. They were willing to challenge owners for control of the businesses. The were not satisfied with just rasing wages. They believed ownership by the working class was the only solution to the labor system. They were led by "Big Bill" Haywood.

The main advantage business had over workers and labor unions was the alliance with the government. Usage of government is mostly prominent in the reactions to riots and protests. There is a similarity between them all. Some type of police or military force is always called upon when there was a protest or riot. Examples include the Railroad Strike of 1877, Haymarket Square Riot of 1886, The Homestead Strike of 1892, and The Pullman Strike of 1894. They all either call upon military forces or government intervenes to stop the protest. Even the Supreme Court handed down decisions controlling unions and undoing legeslation that could affect capital accumulation.

Other tacticts were taken by businesses to stop unions. Replacement workers or "scabs" would be hired to replace workers that were protesting. They would often wokr for less pay. Blacklists were created to make unon organizers and activists unable to recieve a job somewhere else. Their name would be taken and sent to other industries. Immigrants, women, and children were employed. Division was created by pay seperation usually based upon race. Unions would try to retaliate by sabotaging company property, slowing down the production process which led to less profits. There were also "sit down" strikes where workers would occupy the workplace and...sit.

In Conclusion, despite the tactics unions used to retaliate, membership in U.S. trade unions never exceeded more than three percent. Although federal government failed to address the nation's workers, government did recognize workers by creating a holiday. In 1894 U.S. Congress made Labor Day a national holiday. In the end, though labor unions were a great cause and way to fight big business, they were only sucessful in organization rather than making any long-term changes as they planned, meaning they were, as a whole, unsucessful in their goals.

REVISED:Analyze the differences and similarities of the three major Reconstruction plans:Lincoln's, Johnson's and the radical Republicans'.

Reconstrucion after the Civil War (1863-1877), played a critical role in the further development of America. It was mainly a stuggle for Blacks to achieve equality. It also was important in the reconstruction of the South after the Civil War. The Reconsrtuction era had its sucesses and it's failures. Reconstruction re-created the South and brought an extension of capitalism. It played a major role on determinig the nature of American nation-state. The government, especially Congress, stepped in and guided the nation in the right direction. The issue on what to do about Blacks, equality, and the ex-Confederacy paved the rode for Reconstruction plans. They favored each other and also conflicted. They even led to the impeachment of president Andrew Johnson. Three major Reconstruction plans were that of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and the radical Republicans, which all had significant similarities and differences, yet the radical Rebublicans was clearly the most fair and reasonable towards freed Blacks and reconstruction of the South.

The issue of what to do with newly emancipated Blacks plagued American society. In March 1865, Congress passed the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands Act. It assisted freed slaves (and poor whites) who were destitute and in need of food and medical care. It provided farmland that had earlier been owned by slaveholders. Lincoln's plan for reconstructing the South could be considered "moderate". His plan was practically complete opposite of the radical Republicans. Lincoln wanted to quickly reincorporate the South back into the Union. His view was that the PEOPLE of the South did not secede; it was their economic and political leaders that led the South into secession and war. He believd that because government was "indivisible" secession was "politically impossible". His plan included these features: before a state could be readmitted into the Union, 10 percent of voters had to take a loyalty oath. The South had to accept the contract theory of government. Last, until the other requirements were met, military governers were sent to oversee conqured Southern states.

Radical Republicans originally thought that Andrew Jackson would be in favor of their Reconstruction plan, yet they were quite mistaken. Johnson practically adopted Lincoln's plan, then tweaked it to cover anything he found to be a fault. He believed in and therefore added into his plan the disenfranchisement of wealthy and politically powerful Confederate leaders. The issue was that Johnson frequently granted pardons to the same leaders he previously excluded from power. With this, the South's leaders became right back in charge. In 1872, the Amensty Act lifted political restriction on ex-Confederate leaders.

With the Confederacy leaders back in power, their first mission was to find another way to subordinate blacks. This eventually turned into the development of the Black Codes. They were designed to legally subordinate blacks. The Black Codes even denied blacks the right to own property. Furthermore, since blacks could no longer be enslaved, Confederacy leaders turned to making Blacks sign working contracts (as if they were indentured servants), paying little money and trying to make the blacks dependent on the owner. Blacks rights were abridged yet most did not have the courage to testify in court. Radical Republicans sought to change this.

Their Reconstruction plan in 1864, also known as the Wade-Davis Bill included: slavery was to be banned in the U.S. All high ranking Confederacy leaders were to be disenfranchised. Finally, 50 percent of a states citizens were to agree to a loyalty oath. Andrew Johnson ended up in a complete conflict with the radical Republicans because of the obvious differences within their plans. It eventually escalated and led to the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It stated Blacks were to be considered U.S. citizens and were given all rights stated in U.S. Constitution. The attempt to restrict Black rights was deemed illegal. Last, the federal government would enforce this act, not the states.

In Conclusion, I agree mostly with the radical Republican's plan. As an African-American in society today, it seems as if the radical Republicans plan should be implemented again. Lincoln's plan was obviously in favor of the Confederacy and did not show any remorse towards Blacks. Johnson's was completly unfair and unreasonable. It was only to lead the Confederacy back to the antebellum period once again. Yet in all, the three major Reconstruction plans were that of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and the radical Rpublicans, which all had significant similarities and differences.

So we didn't have a blog due this weekend but........

Dear Blog,

We didn't have a blog DUE this weekend. I'm taking some time to just write what's on my mind so....

December 7, 2007

This school year has been quite hectic. I'm so busy and caught up in so much work. I guess it's taking such a toll on me because I'm used to being able to procrastinate. My classes aren't hard they're....time consuming. I guess it takes so much time because I wasn't the best with time management. Now, I'm learning how to take control of my time. I'm practicing self-control. I'm reading my A.P. chapters now. It's actually not that hard. I just hate how I read and won't remember, come the day of the quiz or test. I guess it's nerves. History is quite fascinating. There are so many connections with our U.S. history and life now. I hate Health....it's so boring. I was a "preppie" so I took Health in 7th grade but since it's considered a mandatory class for all 7th graders and Freshmen anyways here I am taking it again. I don't understand why they take the time to teach us abstinence. Most kids aren't listening. Piano III is fine. I learned that there is an actual meaning in the composition Fur Elise by Beethoven. I love Photography. It's like a talent. I new i was a good poet and rapper but my photography is a gift. 4th period Lunch is..well....WILD...someone is always into something. A.P.U.S., I went over that already. Environmental with Nutakki is a hilarious class. My friends Steven and Matthew keep my laughing. English II is annoying because Ms.Neal talks so LOUD!!!!!!! Last is Geometry. By 8th period im half-way dead. I love Geometry though. It's so easy. It's like everything is connected to one another.

My extracurricular activities are the best. Im in Drama Starz(GO MS G!!!!) and Brotherhood. For the 3 years I've been at Kenwood there isn't much thats changed. I'm still trying to convince my mom to let me join a sport but she doesn't think I'll be able to balance it all. I guess this leaves me more time for my poetry and newly found talent, photography, I'm really good. I think I may pursue fashion photography. Also, heres my history part of this blog entry, I was selected to participate in MikVa Challenge and i get to campaign with a presidential canidate of my choice in New Hampshire for the primary election!!!!!!!!!!!!

I don't know what made me want to write about this but I took the time out to do it so I'm not erasing it. LOL. (Laughing Out Loud) Just incase you aren't up on internet lingo. :-) LOL ok...so im done...i guess....

HOLLA'

Anthony Keith Johnson, II

Evaluating the success of grassroots movements in the Age of Reform..

American grassroots reform movements goal was to improve an insufficient society. Though our American society was to be based upon freedom and equality, some were still unhappy with the outcome of American society. America steadily developed as a nation. Society began to not agree with American policies and began to impose new ideas within the growing nation. Conflicting opinions between the people of America is what caused the Age of Reform. The Age of Reform was a period of time, after the Second Great Awakening, in which reason was put over faith, where people began to try and change American outlooks on lives and responsibilities of women,slavery, the public educational system,and prison life. The Grassroots movements in the Age of Reform were both successful and unsuccessful in achieving their goals of women’s rights, abolition,public education, and prison reform.

During the Age of Reform, women and black slaves were equal to each other but not equal to the still powerful superiority of men. Both white women and black slaves could not vote. Though a difference can be noted that white women could very much so, own land as black slaves could not. Yet, as women married, their property was signed over to their husbands. The Age of Reform was time for women to capitalize on the opprotunity to seek liberty. The women's rights movement emerged as discontent by women no longer willing to undertake subjugation. A decade before, the Industrial Revolution had introduced the “Cult of Domesticity”. Movements led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, met at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. This is where women would express in the "Decleration of Rights Sentiments" thier demands. It also included obtaining women's property rights. Women's rights movements activists, were also involved in the abolitionist movement. Even with the fight for women's rights, women still had to wait until 1919 to even vote in federal elections.

Slavery played an important role in the development of the United States. It has had it's good and bad effects on society. Slavery has played a role in pesidential elections and played an even larger role in territorial expansion, like how the Union was unsure of whether Texas was to become a slave state or free. Or its role in the Missouri Compromise. Slavery was a major element of the Civil War. Some abolitionists wished to destroy slavery in completion. These abolitionists were citizens such as Fredrick Douglas and Harriet Tubman. Also, many other white northerns like William Lloyd Garrison, owner of The Liberator, an influential newspaper in abolitionist circles and Lucretia Coffin Mott risked their lives doing what they thought was better for society. Abolitionists did not take into consideration the negative effects aboloshing slavery could have on the infrastructure of American economy.

Many children at the time were schooled by their mother or father by means of Republican Motherhood. The Industrial Revolution introduced inventions as the cotton gin, mechanical reaper, and the steamboat. Many children did not have the time or money to go to school. Horace Mann was one of the most outspoken advocates of education reform. He believed in a tax-supported public schoopl, like CPS today. Noah Webster was noted as “The Schoolmaster of the Republic”. As white girls and boys were provided education, black children were still suffering from slavery. The statement “education for all” clearly did not mean for everyone.

American citizens whom were mentally ill were locked in poor houses and jails. People such as debtors were locked up for threatening the American economy. During the early 1800’s,Dorothea Dix, whom was outraged by the treatment of the mentally ill, paved a road for better treatment for the ill minded. Idealism changed from keeping criminals and ill patients apart from society to teaching them their wrong-doings.

Grassroots movements in the Age of Reform were made possible by leaders such as William Lloyd Garrison, Lucretia Coffin Mott, Horace Mann,and Dorothea Dix, whom were looking for ways to better American society. All of the movements have both their positive and negative affects on society. In conclusion, this is why grassroots movements in the Age of Reform were both successful and unsuccessful in achieving their goals of women’s rights, abolition,public education, and prison reform.

REVISED:In going to war against Mexico, President Polk was..........

In the two centuries since the ratification of the Constitution, the size of the Unites States has more that quadrupled. Our first four presidents gave voice to an expansionist imluse: Washington called the new nation a "rising empire" and Adams remarked the United States was "destined to occupy all of the northern part of this quarter of the globe and that when accomplished, would be a significant achievement for mankind". Jefferson reffered to a "vast territory that would provide room enough for the descendants to the thousandth and ten thousandths generation" and Madison urged that the United States "extend the sphere, extend the republic as one great respectable and flourishing empire". One historian has phrased it,"Empire as a way of life". Territorial expansion was an objective of the U.S. government from its inception, as witnessed by the removal of Native Americans and by the Mexican-American War. In going to war against Mexico, President Polk was taking into account the best intrests of the United States. President Polk was taking into account the best intrests of the United States in going to war with Mexico because it was advocating a basis of America, "territorial expansion", it allowed the expansion of the nation by aquiring California and New Mexico, and it would benefit the U.S. economically.

President Polk was taking into account the best intrests of the United States in going to war with Mexico because it was advocating a basis of America, "territorial expansion". When James K. Polk was inaugurated president in March 1845 he had several foreign policy objectives in mind: the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute with Britain, which had almost led to military hostilities in the 1839 Aroostook War; the acquisition of California; and the incorporation of Texas into the Union. He achieved all of these goals. John Tyler paved the road for Texas statehood and despite oposition from antislavery forces, Texas was admitted on December 29,1845.

After the failure of the Slidell mission, an attempt to purchase the territory from Mexico, Pole resorted to a decidedly more aggressive and controversial posture; he sent troops into the disputed area near the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. Polk claimed that Mexican forces had crossed the border to attack Americans. U.S. forces had taken control of the entire southwest by 1847. The new U.S. commander Gen.Winfield Scott, captured Vera Cruz followed a short time later with a voctory in the Battle of Cerro Gordo. Once U.S. launched his lat attack on Mexico, Santa Anna fled and the U.S. won.

Polk's war with Mexico allowed the expansion of the nation by aquiring California and New Mexico. The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo(1848) included benifits for the U.S. Mexico recognized the American claims to the area north of the Rio Grande. Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the United States in return for 15 milion. and the United States agreed to assume approximately 3 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens. The land brought by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildalgo increased the size of the United States and extreme amount and easily fed into "territorial expansion".

Aquiring Texas into the Union became a benift towards the United States. Texas was focused on becoming independent from Mexico and was left independent for years, just to become under the Union. Texas was annexed in 1845. Unfortunatley for the antislavery believers, and fortunately for the Union Texas became a slave state. It allowed more crops to be cultivated and brought a more prosperous results to the United States.

In Conclusion,in the two centuries since the ratification of the Constitution, the size of the Unites States has more that quadrupled. Territorial expansion was an objective of the U.S. government from its inception, as witnessed by the removal of Native Americans and by the Mexican-American War. In going to war against Mexico, President Polk was taking into account the best intrests of the United States.Polk took account the best intrests of the United States in going it allowed to war with Mexico because it was advocated "territorial expansion", the expansion of the nation and it benefited the U.S. economically.

REVISED:Evaluate the presidency of Thomas Jefferson.

The "Revolution of 1800", or "peaceful transiton of power" was an important factor towards U.S. government. In the election of 1800, Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferon and Aaron Burr tied. The election then went into the hands of the House of Respresentatives. It was the support from Hamilton that made Jefferson president. The Jeffersonian Movement, embodied in the Democratic Republican party, represented intrests of the common man and farmer, democraticizing the U.S. It also favored limitations on power of the federal government and strict interpretation of the Constitution.The presidency of Thomas Jefferson had just as much of a positive effect on the United States as it did negative with the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, the "undeclared war" between the U.S. and the Barbary pirates, acts passed such as the Nonintercourse Act(1806), Embargo Act(1807), and Nonintercourse Act(1809), to deal with tension between the British and French, and the stronger judical branch of government brought by John Marshall and the Marshall Court.

The Louisiana Purchase (1803)was considered the most notable achievement of Jefferson's first term. French emperor, Napoleon, needed more money to fight Britain. A succesful slave revolt against the French on the Caribbean island of Santo Domingo led Napoleon to believe, if he could not control a small island in the Caribbean, he could not possibly control an enormous area of land west of the Mississippi River. Thus, he decided to sell France's last major territorial posseion in North America. For the Louisiana Territory, the U.S. only paid
$15 million. Therefore, the territory of the United States practically doubled in size. Jefferson organized an expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to find out as much as possible about the newly bought land.

Though Jefferson had done such good by buying the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon, he, along with the rest of the U.S. government, also spent lots of American money. In North Africa, nations known as the Barbary States were seizing international ships and holding thier crews for ransom. Because the U.S. had no navy, its merchants were vulnerable. The U.S. government would pay tribute to protect its ships, but not until the U.S. defeated the Barbary pirates, did the U.S. cease paying the Barbary States.

Tensions between Britain and France worsened. The tension between the great powers interrupted American trading. From 1805 to 1810, Britain, France, and the United States, went back and forth vigorously. It became a battle of acts and decrees, intended to damper each other's success in trading. Jefferson’s nation held its own against Britain and France. Jefferson faired well with the foreign affairs between Britain and France, but mistakes and inadequacies became more apparent with acts such as the Nonintercourse Act(1806), that was inteded to halt importation of many British commodities but had little effect. Also, the Embargo Act(1807) which prohibithed all foreign trade, hurt the U.S. more than it helped. It had a devastating effect on New England economy and caused many New Englanders to give support to Charles Pickney, the Federalist canidate in the 1808 election. And then a regain of inteligence with the Nonintercourse Act(1809), allowing trade to be opened with all nations but Britain and France, unless either of the two nations repealed its trade restrictions against American shipping.

John Marshall, who was, ironically enough, a Federalist became Supreme Court Justice in 1801 after John Jay resigned, due to inactivity. The Marshall Court became strongly identified with vested rights in contract clauses, expanding the Court's jurisdiction, judicial nationalism over state's rights, blocking state regulations that limited property rights, and freeing American commerce from restraints placed on it by the states. Two of the most important cases of the Marshall Court would be Marbury v. Madison(1803) establishing the concept of judicial review, which is the implied power of the constitutionality of state and federal legislation. And McCulloch v. Maryland(1819) with the Court ruling that the government possesed the implied power to create a national bank; that the bank could not be taxed by a state because this would give the "power to destroy" to the bank; and that federal law is absolute over state law.

In conclusion, the presidency of Thomas Jefferson was a positive and negative battle within itself. Jefferson dealt with foreign challenges to sovereignty of the United States. Yet, the nation was steadily developing with the Louisiana purchase, and an enforcment of national pride with reaction towards the tensions of Britian and France. Also, we can not exclude the importance of John Marshall and the growth of the Marshall Court. So overall, the presidency of Thomas Jefferson had just as much of a positive effect on the United States as it did negative with the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, the "undeclared war" between the U.S. and the Barbary pirates,acts passed such as the Nonintercourse Act(1806), Embargo Act(1807), and Nonintercourse Act(1809), to deal with tension between the British and French, and the stronger judical branch of government brought by John Marshall and the Marshall Court.

To what extent were the Articles of Confederation an inadequate form of government?

The Articles of Confederation, were an inadequate form of government to an extreme extent.The Articles of Confederation's inadequacies are shown in that it was a confederation government, in that nature, it formed a weak central government and most power resided in the states, also, the AOC's inability to convey foreign affairs, such as the failure of the Treaty of Paris,and the AOC government had to request troops from the states,domestically, the government did not have authority to tax and did not establish a uniform currency.

The AOC was formed based on the colonies past with Great Britain. It was formed to not seem as a monarchy or that government was in complete control. With this the colonies had the upmost amount of power and that would only add as another inadequatecy of the AOC. The colonies were basically on a free for all and regulated themselves.The AOC was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777. Then, all the colonists were concerned about was not returning their country to the way it was pre-Revolutionary War. An even amount of strong federal government and power within the hands of the people, to an extent, would have been the best form of government for the colonies at the time.

The AOC was unable to convey foreign affairs. After the war, relations with European powers quickly deteriorated, especially with the new nation's former nemisis, Great Britain. In some cases, the colonies brought issues upon themselves, like when they failed to abide by the Treaty of Paris. The U.S. promised to compensate loyalists for confiscated land and to pay foreign debts. Neither promises were met. The British also violated the Treaty of Paris. The British maintained forts in the Northwest Territory and since the states had to rely on troops from the states, all the United States could do is protest. The British also placed trade restrictions on an already weak U.S. economy. European nations reasoned that since the indivual states were themselves embroiled in trade disputes, commercial agreements with the United States would certainly be questionable.

Federalists, those whom favored a more central government, pointed out the weakness of the AOC not having authority to tax the colonies. The federal government had to request funds from the states. The main idea of the AOC was to not put an intense amount of power within the federal government.The federal government only collected money contributed from the states. Delivering taxes to the federal government was optional, with this, most colonies did not. This increased problems the United States had with the overall economy. The war's debt came down to individuals, which mostly included small farmers. This led to Shay’s Rebellion an influence on American government. Along with a weak overall economy, there was lack of a uniform currency. Since there was no uniform currency, everyone used a different type of money. Inflation rates and trade rates increased dramatically. Thus having a direct impact on business transactions within and between states.

In conclusion, this is how the Articles of Confederation made for and inadequate form of government. The AOC created a weak central government leaving power in the hands of the states, it was unable to regulate foreign affairs and did not have a chief executive or state department who could, and the AOC's inability to to tax the colonies, establish a uniform currency, or regulate trade. With this came a weak and inapt government upon the colonies.

In what ways did the French/Indian War alter the political, economic, and ideological relations between Britain and its American colonies?

The French and Indian War(1754-63) altered the political, economic, and ideological relationship between Britain and its American colonies in many ways. The relationship was altered politically due to Britains control of the entire eastern coastline, economically on how British polocies after 1763 were designed to raise revenue to pay for the cost of the empire, and ideologically because American colonists beliefs on the relationship between Britain and the coloies.

The British completely enialated the French, leaving them in control of the entire eastern coastline, creating an extreme change in North America.In (Document A, North America before 1754 and after 1763) it shows the increase of English control. With this, Britain had to not only govern the well-being of there own land but also that of the colonies. The British were in an extreme debt. This allowed monarchs to accuse colonists for their loss of revenue. The Britsh believed that, since they "protected" the colonists, they should be repaid.

After 1763, Britain was in dire need for revenue to pay for the French and Indian War. Britain was clever on finding ways to raise revenue from the colonies. From 1650 to the end of the French and Indian War was a period of "salutary neglect". Britain had very little involvement in the lifestyle of the colonies. After the French and Indian War, Mercantalism became strictly enforced. Mercantalism was a form of rasing revenue from the colonies in which the colonies could only trade with Great Britain and would import more than they exported. Under George Greenville was the solution to Britains money issues. It was to directly tax the colonies. The Stamp Act(1765) was passed by British Parliment to directly tax the colonies on all printed material from newspapers and wills to marriage liscences and playing cards. This put the colonies through a great distress. In (Document H..Newspaper masthead, October 1765),It states times as"Dreadful,Doleful,Dismal,Dollar-Less". This shows the impact on the thoughts of the colonists. It also displays a stamp with a skull and crossbone on it. Also in (Document G, Benjamin Franklin (in London) letter to John Hughs (in Pennsylvania), August 9,1765) Benjamin Franklin writes "Stamp......get...it.. repeal'd".

Many had different opinions on the relationship between Britain and the colonies. In (Document E..Rev. Thomas Barnard, sermon, Massachusetts, 1763) he states "Mother..rescued....protected us". This shows the ideas on how some felt about the French and Indian War. Some, such as Rev. Thomas, felt that Britain was doing what was best for the colonies by protecting them. On the other side, in (Document D, Massachusetts soldier's diary, 1759) he writes "good liquiors...keep spirits". This is showing a negative attitude towards the war. I shows how the soldiers felt they could hold only hold themselves together by drinking.

These are some some the ways the French and Indian War altered the political, economic, and ideologial relations between Britain and its American colonies.The relationship was altered politically due to Britains control of the entire eastern coastline, economically on how British polocies after 1763 were designed to raise revenue to pay for the cost of the empire, and ideologically because American colonists beliefs on the relationship between Britain and the coloies.

Discuss the positions of the moderates, radicals, and conservatives and explain which was the most persuasive and effective in achieving its goals.

The First and Second Continental Congresses were shaped by differing opinions from the three parties. Each faction provided, convincing arguments for their positions. However, the one that was the most persuasive and effective in achieving it's goals were the Radicals due to their beliefs about Britain overbearing with their authority and "crossing the line", about the colonies having to declare independence, a sense for new leadership.

All three factions differed in their beliefs regarding the relationship between Great Britain and the colonies. Moderates (such as John Dickinson and George Washington) believed that the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain could be repaired. Radicals (such as Patrick Henry, Sam and John Adams, and Charles Thomson) believed that the colonies' relationship with Britain had already reached a point of no return. For them there were only two alternatives: force Britain to accede to their demands or declare independence. Conservatives (such as John Jay and Joseph Galloway) were not prepared to make an aggressive response but did favor a mild rebuke of the British. In fact, Galloway proposed a union of colonies under British authority similar to that proposed in the ill-fated Albany plan of the French and Indian War.If adopted, the relationship would return Britain and the colonies essentially to what had been the situation before the dramatic changes that took place in 1763, and the years since. There was one substantial addition, however: a colonial "grand council" would have the power to veto British acts. The Galloway plan was narrowly defeated, setting the stage for the radicals to guide the direction of events and actions.

Of all, the Radicals were most convincing in their approach towards the relationship between Great Britain and the colonies. The Intolerable Acts of 1774 led the Radicals to believe Great Britain crossed the boundaries held. Values America would later be founded upon led Radicals to feel they had to take charge. The thirteen colonies established solely on economic reasoning and they were to govern themselves without authority from "mother country" Great Britain. Britain soon realized the Americas were to become significantly profitable, they wanted profit for themselves. Radicals viewed government to be set to direct and lead.

The Radicals took charge to change their future and the only way was to risk it. Joseph Galloway (a Conservative) proposed a union of the colonies under British authority, returning the colonies to what it was before Proclamation of 1763. Radicals and Conservatives did agree on the importance of uniting the colonies. If the colonies were united the Radicals could confront the Britain government. Moderates tried to find conciliation between the views of the Radicals and the Conservatives and took a position. The Radicals won, by defeating the proposal introduced by the Conservatives. The Radicals persuaded the Congress to adopt its own plan denouncing the "Coercive Acts" as unconstitutional. Therefore supporting the ’Suffolks resolves’ - declaring the "Intolerable Acts" void. The Congress adopted regulations, which would cut off all relations with England. Therefore building the forefront of an independent nation.

New government had been reasoning for wars and revolutions. Radicals felt the same. Need for new leadership became most apparent after the French and Indian War. Britain gained control of the colonized North America. Doing without correct leadership could soon result in unhappiness within the colonies. Unhappy colonists, comes the lack of economic virtue. Radicals believed leadership to have the same values as the people, this was, a democracy.

This is why the Radicals had the most effective view. They took action against Britain. They declared independence. They agreed among new leadership. They won over Conservatives, and created the Declaration of Resolves, a basis of America.

What role did religion play in the establishment of English colonies in North America?

Religion was of the upmost importance towards the establishment of English colonies in North America. Colonies were developed as economic ventures, grants for the monarch, a penal colony (Georgia), yet most significantly for religious reasons. Religion played the most critical role in specific colonies. The colonies that religion was extremely imperative towards were Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. As well as Maryland and Rhode Island.

Plymouth Bay was started when a congregation of Separatists fleeing “royal wrath” left for Holland in 1608. When the colony was established and the Mayflower Compact was signed, the colonists were ready for the first winter. Only 44 of the 102 settlers survived the winter, but the Pilgrims believed that God made "his children" prosperous. This shows the Pilgrims belief in God and religion on a high echelon of civilization.

In 1629, an energetic group of non-Separatists Puritans, fearing for their faith and for England's future, secured a royal charter to form the Massachusettes Bay colony. They prospered to establish a sizable settlement in the Massachusetts area. Govener John Winthrop believed he had a "calling" from God to lead the new religous experiment/colony. Govener Winthrop would state "We shall be as a city upon a hill", a beacon to humanity. The Puritan bay colonists believed they had a covenant with God. An Agreement to build a holy society that be a model for humankind. Though religious toleration was practiced, it was only given ironcally to Puritans and only Puritans, the "visible saints" who alone were eligible for church membership, could be freemen. According to the doctrine of the covenant the only purpose of government was to enforce God's laws. This was also a statement to believers and non-believers were to pay a tax for the "goverment supported" church. Religous leaders influenced admission to church meembership by conducting public interrogations of persons claiming to have experienced conversion. Puritans, like Winthrop, believed in the doctrine of a "calling" to do God's work on earth. It was called the "Protestant ethic". They believed in a Hell where sinners shriveled and shrieked in vain for divine mercy. A poem written by Michael Wigglesworths intiled "Day of Doom" decribed the fate of the damned

They cry, they roar for anguish sore

and gnaw their tounges for horrour.

But get away without delay,

Christ pitties not your cry:

Depart to Hell, there may you yell,

and roar Eternally.

Maryland was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, of a prominent English Catholic family. Lord Baltimore was to make a refuge for his fellow Catholics. Protestant England was prosecuting Catholics and Maryland was to be considered a "Catholic Haven". Manors were given to Baltimore's Catholic relatives modeled of England's aristocracy. Soon the Catholics became surrounded by Protestants and the Protestants, as in England, threatened to submerge the Catholics and put restrictions on them. Catholics put their faith behind the Act of Toleration which was to be passed in 1649 by the local representative assembly. It added toleration to all Christians but not to non believers of Jesus. As a result, when the colonial era ended Maryland sheltered more Roman Catholics than any other English-speaking colony in the New World.

Roger Williams fled to Rhode Island in 1636 after being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious perspective. He called the site where he settled Providence,Rhode Island and declared it a place of religious freedom. He built a Baptist church, the first in America, and established relegious freedom for Jews as well as Catholics. He demanded no oaths regarding religious beliefs, no mandatory attendance at worship, and no taxes to support the church. He even sheltered "Quakers" though disagreeing with their views. Rhode Island was of the most Liberal of the English colonies and most advanced of the Old World. The Puritan clergy back in Boston sneered at "Rouge Island" as "that sewer" in which the "Lord's debris" had collected and rotted. Later, Rhode Island, being the most religously independent, was later known as "the traditional home of the otherwise minded".

In conclusion, these are of the main reasons religion played such a ponderous role in the establishment of English colonies in North America. Relgion was an imperative segment of English colonizaion. It was also one of the most affluental segements of United States history. It is also the of the many foundations of America today. Religion played imperative roles in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. As well as Maryland and Rhode Island.

A.P. Summer Reading:John Adams By David Mucculough Summary/Response Essay

John Adams by David McCullough, is a captivating story of love, struggle, prosperity, and in all independence. Mucculough tells the story of John Adams as all history should be told. Mucculough writes for John Adams to be to seen as a Yankee patriot, lawyer, husband, father, one of the most important roles of the American Revolution, and second president of the United States of America. John Adams not only shows John Adam's love for his wife and family, but also for the country. John Adams is by far the best biography Iv'e ever read.
John Adams was born October 19, 1735 in Braintree, Massachusetts. By the Old Style calendar this was his birth date, which was to be changed to October 30th once England adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752. He was given his father’s name (Deacon, John Adams).Writing was a hobby that carried throughout his life and as a young boy he wrote, “of making and sailing boats…swimming, skating, flying kites, and shooting marbles, bat and ball, football…wrestling and sometimes boxing”.He did not have much to say of his mother Susanna Boylston other than that he loved her and she was his “honored and beloved mother”. At the age of 15 he would pronounce himself “fitted for college”, and began attending Harvard College.
He was attracted particularly to mathematics and science, taught by his favorite professor John Winthrop. He worked hard and did well at Harvard. He got close to becoming a minister yet his mother found him unsuited for the life though Deacon John wished it for him. Adams would remember that when he joined the discussion club he had “some faculty” for public speaking and would make a better lawyer than preacher.
Taking becoming a lawyer into strong consideration ,and with his Harvard years ended, he traveled 60miles from Braintree to Worcester to be taken into office of a practicing attorney who would charge a fee. Adams worked at a Worcester schoolhouse while debating on what he wanted to make of his life while enjoying the personalities of the young children.
By late summer of 1756 Adams had made up his mind about his future. On August 21, he signed a contract with a young Worcester attorney, James Putnam, to study “under his inspection” for two years.
In the fall of 1758, his studies with Putnam completed, Adams returned to Braintree to move in with his mother and father. Adams was admitted to the bar in a ceremony before the Superior court at Boston on November 6, 1759 and in a matter of weeks, at age twenty-four, he had taken his first case, which he lost.On May 25, 1761, John Adams had to deal with a hardship of major importance when at age 70, his father Deacon John Adams, died. He was the victim of epidemic influenza that took a heavy toll in eastern Massachusetts and especially on elderly people.With his father gone he said to have experienced “want of strength and courage”.
On October 25, 1764 Abigail Smith and John Adams became husband and wife. Adams was elected a delegate of Continental Congress in Philadelphia and on January 24, 1776 he left Braintree accompanied by Joseph Bass leaving Abigail to care for their five children Abigail Adams, John Quincy Adams,Susanna Adams, Charles Adams, and Thomas Boylston Adams. In 1774 Massachusetts elected Adams to the Continental Congress . On June 17, 1775 war broke out with the Battle of Bunker Hill which was the start of a long battle between the 13 colonies and Great Britain. John Adams was part of the Committee of Five alongside Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston whom wrote and revised a Decleration on Independence.On June 23 a conference of committees from every county in Pennsylvania declared that the delegates of Pennsylvania in Congress should vote for independence.
July 2nd, 1776. in Philadelphia, the American colonies declared independence. Adams wrote to Abigail: “It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations from one end of this continent to the other from this time forward”. In old age, Adams and Jefferson would try to recall the signing of the Declaration of Independence, yet with that summer being so crowded, they would incorrectly insist that the signing took place July 4th. Abigail would write to John and tell him the she and the children were going to be inoculated for the smallpox disease and he would respond as if confused on whether he should stay or come back home eventually choosing to stay home saying that if he were to leave now he would have no clue on what could possibly happen. He would wish his family the best and not return home.
On November 27, Congress named Adams a commissioner to work with Franklin and Arthur Lee in negotiating a French alliance. Because the allliance with the French was not sucessful, Adams was sent back home where on October 30th 1779 Adams was elected to write a Constitution or Form of Government for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. This was his 44th birthday. The Constituition of Commonwealth of Massachsetts is the oldest functioning constitution in the world.
On Friday, October 19, at Yorktown, Virginia, by Chesapeake bay, the British General Cornwallis had surrenderd his army to a combined American and French under Washington and Rochambeau meaning that America had won the phyisical part of the American revolution. The British and Americans negotiated a deal on the new land and relieved control over America officially making it independent. The American Revolution was successful. Also with America in favor, Adams was able to negotiate a loan of 5 million guilder. Still not the 10 million that Congress wanted but it was a start.
Washington was chosen president, Adams came in second in the Electoral College and became Vice President election of 1789. He was reelected in 1792. Adams once said of the Vice Presidency "This is the most unimportant position human ever made". In the first year of Washington's administration, Adams became deeply involved in a month-long Senate controversy over what the official title of the President would be, favoring such lavish titles such as "His Majesty the President" or "His High Mightiness" over the blunt "President of the United States" which won of all. Adams won the election of 71 electoral votes to Jefferson's 68, whom became Vice President. There were battles within his own Federalist part which was led by Alexander Hamilton. He became the founder of an important family of politicians, diplomats and historians.
John Adams was not reelected in 1800 and with this he went back home. He enjoyed time with his family and friends as the time went along. Soon, his freinds and family began to wither away as Nabby got cancer and Abigial slowly yet surley died. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died on the same day as each other and the same day that they insisted Independence was declared.

Why A.P. U.S. History?

I signed up for A.P. U.S. because I actually LIKE history unlike some. I excelled in Mr.Sarudi's class (Honors World Studies) 8th grade year and when collecting names of people he wanted to reccomend for A.P. I was one of the few. Not wanting the oppritunity to pass me by I quickly accepted knowing that I could prepare myself for the work and get into a "college mindframe" with due time. Also, I thought, hey, if im going to come out of the Academic Center I want to take advantage of what I'm allowed to get. Therefore, I thought not only do I like history but, thinking of the future, this would look great on my high school transcript. I was really anxious throughout the summer to see the work in store. Now being here for two days, im excited to see how the school year is going to turn out.

-Eric R.