In what ways did the French/Indian War alter the political, economic, and ideological relations between Britain and its American colonies?

The French and Indian War(1754-63) altered the political, economic, and ideological relationship between Britain and its American colonies in many ways. The relationship was altered politically due to Britains control of the entire eastern coastline, economically on how British polocies after 1763 were designed to raise revenue to pay for the cost of the empire, and ideologically because American colonists beliefs on the relationship between Britain and the coloies.

The British completely enialated the French, leaving them in control of the entire eastern coastline, creating an extreme change in North America.In (Document A, North America before 1754 and after 1763) it shows the increase of English control. With this, Britain had to not only govern the well-being of there own land but also that of the colonies. The British were in an extreme debt. This allowed monarchs to accuse colonists for their loss of revenue. The Britsh believed that, since they "protected" the colonists, they should be repaid.

After 1763, Britain was in dire need for revenue to pay for the French and Indian War. Britain was clever on finding ways to raise revenue from the colonies. From 1650 to the end of the French and Indian War was a period of "salutary neglect". Britain had very little involvement in the lifestyle of the colonies. After the French and Indian War, Mercantalism became strictly enforced. Mercantalism was a form of rasing revenue from the colonies in which the colonies could only trade with Great Britain and would import more than they exported. Under George Greenville was the solution to Britains money issues. It was to directly tax the colonies. The Stamp Act(1765) was passed by British Parliment to directly tax the colonies on all printed material from newspapers and wills to marriage liscences and playing cards. This put the colonies through a great distress. In (Document H..Newspaper masthead, October 1765),It states times as"Dreadful,Doleful,Dismal,Dollar-Less". This shows the impact on the thoughts of the colonists. It also displays a stamp with a skull and crossbone on it. Also in (Document G, Benjamin Franklin (in London) letter to John Hughs (in Pennsylvania), August 9,1765) Benjamin Franklin writes "Stamp......get...it.. repeal'd".

Many had different opinions on the relationship between Britain and the colonies. In (Document E..Rev. Thomas Barnard, sermon, Massachusetts, 1763) he states "Mother..rescued....protected us". This shows the ideas on how some felt about the French and Indian War. Some, such as Rev. Thomas, felt that Britain was doing what was best for the colonies by protecting them. On the other side, in (Document D, Massachusetts soldier's diary, 1759) he writes "good liquiors...keep spirits". This is showing a negative attitude towards the war. I shows how the soldiers felt they could hold only hold themselves together by drinking.

These are some some the ways the French and Indian War altered the political, economic, and ideologial relations between Britain and its American colonies.The relationship was altered politically due to Britains control of the entire eastern coastline, economically on how British polocies after 1763 were designed to raise revenue to pay for the cost of the empire, and ideologically because American colonists beliefs on the relationship between Britain and the coloies.

Discuss the positions of the moderates, radicals, and conservatives and explain which was the most persuasive and effective in achieving its goals.

The First and Second Continental Congresses were shaped by differing opinions from the three parties. Each faction provided, convincing arguments for their positions. However, the one that was the most persuasive and effective in achieving it's goals were the Radicals due to their beliefs about Britain overbearing with their authority and "crossing the line", about the colonies having to declare independence, a sense for new leadership.

All three factions differed in their beliefs regarding the relationship between Great Britain and the colonies. Moderates (such as John Dickinson and George Washington) believed that the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain could be repaired. Radicals (such as Patrick Henry, Sam and John Adams, and Charles Thomson) believed that the colonies' relationship with Britain had already reached a point of no return. For them there were only two alternatives: force Britain to accede to their demands or declare independence. Conservatives (such as John Jay and Joseph Galloway) were not prepared to make an aggressive response but did favor a mild rebuke of the British. In fact, Galloway proposed a union of colonies under British authority similar to that proposed in the ill-fated Albany plan of the French and Indian War.If adopted, the relationship would return Britain and the colonies essentially to what had been the situation before the dramatic changes that took place in 1763, and the years since. There was one substantial addition, however: a colonial "grand council" would have the power to veto British acts. The Galloway plan was narrowly defeated, setting the stage for the radicals to guide the direction of events and actions.

Of all, the Radicals were most convincing in their approach towards the relationship between Great Britain and the colonies. The Intolerable Acts of 1774 led the Radicals to believe Great Britain crossed the boundaries held. Values America would later be founded upon led Radicals to feel they had to take charge. The thirteen colonies established solely on economic reasoning and they were to govern themselves without authority from "mother country" Great Britain. Britain soon realized the Americas were to become significantly profitable, they wanted profit for themselves. Radicals viewed government to be set to direct and lead.

The Radicals took charge to change their future and the only way was to risk it. Joseph Galloway (a Conservative) proposed a union of the colonies under British authority, returning the colonies to what it was before Proclamation of 1763. Radicals and Conservatives did agree on the importance of uniting the colonies. If the colonies were united the Radicals could confront the Britain government. Moderates tried to find conciliation between the views of the Radicals and the Conservatives and took a position. The Radicals won, by defeating the proposal introduced by the Conservatives. The Radicals persuaded the Congress to adopt its own plan denouncing the "Coercive Acts" as unconstitutional. Therefore supporting the ’Suffolks resolves’ - declaring the "Intolerable Acts" void. The Congress adopted regulations, which would cut off all relations with England. Therefore building the forefront of an independent nation.

New government had been reasoning for wars and revolutions. Radicals felt the same. Need for new leadership became most apparent after the French and Indian War. Britain gained control of the colonized North America. Doing without correct leadership could soon result in unhappiness within the colonies. Unhappy colonists, comes the lack of economic virtue. Radicals believed leadership to have the same values as the people, this was, a democracy.

This is why the Radicals had the most effective view. They took action against Britain. They declared independence. They agreed among new leadership. They won over Conservatives, and created the Declaration of Resolves, a basis of America.

What role did religion play in the establishment of English colonies in North America?

Religion was of the upmost importance towards the establishment of English colonies in North America. Colonies were developed as economic ventures, grants for the monarch, a penal colony (Georgia), yet most significantly for religious reasons. Religion played the most critical role in specific colonies. The colonies that religion was extremely imperative towards were Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. As well as Maryland and Rhode Island.

Plymouth Bay was started when a congregation of Separatists fleeing “royal wrath” left for Holland in 1608. When the colony was established and the Mayflower Compact was signed, the colonists were ready for the first winter. Only 44 of the 102 settlers survived the winter, but the Pilgrims believed that God made "his children" prosperous. This shows the Pilgrims belief in God and religion on a high echelon of civilization.

In 1629, an energetic group of non-Separatists Puritans, fearing for their faith and for England's future, secured a royal charter to form the Massachusettes Bay colony. They prospered to establish a sizable settlement in the Massachusetts area. Govener John Winthrop believed he had a "calling" from God to lead the new religous experiment/colony. Govener Winthrop would state "We shall be as a city upon a hill", a beacon to humanity. The Puritan bay colonists believed they had a covenant with God. An Agreement to build a holy society that be a model for humankind. Though religious toleration was practiced, it was only given ironcally to Puritans and only Puritans, the "visible saints" who alone were eligible for church membership, could be freemen. According to the doctrine of the covenant the only purpose of government was to enforce God's laws. This was also a statement to believers and non-believers were to pay a tax for the "goverment supported" church. Religous leaders influenced admission to church meembership by conducting public interrogations of persons claiming to have experienced conversion. Puritans, like Winthrop, believed in the doctrine of a "calling" to do God's work on earth. It was called the "Protestant ethic". They believed in a Hell where sinners shriveled and shrieked in vain for divine mercy. A poem written by Michael Wigglesworths intiled "Day of Doom" decribed the fate of the damned

They cry, they roar for anguish sore

and gnaw their tounges for horrour.

But get away without delay,

Christ pitties not your cry:

Depart to Hell, there may you yell,

and roar Eternally.

Maryland was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, of a prominent English Catholic family. Lord Baltimore was to make a refuge for his fellow Catholics. Protestant England was prosecuting Catholics and Maryland was to be considered a "Catholic Haven". Manors were given to Baltimore's Catholic relatives modeled of England's aristocracy. Soon the Catholics became surrounded by Protestants and the Protestants, as in England, threatened to submerge the Catholics and put restrictions on them. Catholics put their faith behind the Act of Toleration which was to be passed in 1649 by the local representative assembly. It added toleration to all Christians but not to non believers of Jesus. As a result, when the colonial era ended Maryland sheltered more Roman Catholics than any other English-speaking colony in the New World.

Roger Williams fled to Rhode Island in 1636 after being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious perspective. He called the site where he settled Providence,Rhode Island and declared it a place of religious freedom. He built a Baptist church, the first in America, and established relegious freedom for Jews as well as Catholics. He demanded no oaths regarding religious beliefs, no mandatory attendance at worship, and no taxes to support the church. He even sheltered "Quakers" though disagreeing with their views. Rhode Island was of the most Liberal of the English colonies and most advanced of the Old World. The Puritan clergy back in Boston sneered at "Rouge Island" as "that sewer" in which the "Lord's debris" had collected and rotted. Later, Rhode Island, being the most religously independent, was later known as "the traditional home of the otherwise minded".

In conclusion, these are of the main reasons religion played such a ponderous role in the establishment of English colonies in North America. Relgion was an imperative segment of English colonizaion. It was also one of the most affluental segements of United States history. It is also the of the many foundations of America today. Religion played imperative roles in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. As well as Maryland and Rhode Island.

A.P. Summer Reading:John Adams By David Mucculough Summary/Response Essay

John Adams by David McCullough, is a captivating story of love, struggle, prosperity, and in all independence. Mucculough tells the story of John Adams as all history should be told. Mucculough writes for John Adams to be to seen as a Yankee patriot, lawyer, husband, father, one of the most important roles of the American Revolution, and second president of the United States of America. John Adams not only shows John Adam's love for his wife and family, but also for the country. John Adams is by far the best biography Iv'e ever read.
John Adams was born October 19, 1735 in Braintree, Massachusetts. By the Old Style calendar this was his birth date, which was to be changed to October 30th once England adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752. He was given his father’s name (Deacon, John Adams).Writing was a hobby that carried throughout his life and as a young boy he wrote, “of making and sailing boats…swimming, skating, flying kites, and shooting marbles, bat and ball, football…wrestling and sometimes boxing”.He did not have much to say of his mother Susanna Boylston other than that he loved her and she was his “honored and beloved mother”. At the age of 15 he would pronounce himself “fitted for college”, and began attending Harvard College.
He was attracted particularly to mathematics and science, taught by his favorite professor John Winthrop. He worked hard and did well at Harvard. He got close to becoming a minister yet his mother found him unsuited for the life though Deacon John wished it for him. Adams would remember that when he joined the discussion club he had “some faculty” for public speaking and would make a better lawyer than preacher.
Taking becoming a lawyer into strong consideration ,and with his Harvard years ended, he traveled 60miles from Braintree to Worcester to be taken into office of a practicing attorney who would charge a fee. Adams worked at a Worcester schoolhouse while debating on what he wanted to make of his life while enjoying the personalities of the young children.
By late summer of 1756 Adams had made up his mind about his future. On August 21, he signed a contract with a young Worcester attorney, James Putnam, to study “under his inspection” for two years.
In the fall of 1758, his studies with Putnam completed, Adams returned to Braintree to move in with his mother and father. Adams was admitted to the bar in a ceremony before the Superior court at Boston on November 6, 1759 and in a matter of weeks, at age twenty-four, he had taken his first case, which he lost.On May 25, 1761, John Adams had to deal with a hardship of major importance when at age 70, his father Deacon John Adams, died. He was the victim of epidemic influenza that took a heavy toll in eastern Massachusetts and especially on elderly people.With his father gone he said to have experienced “want of strength and courage”.
On October 25, 1764 Abigail Smith and John Adams became husband and wife. Adams was elected a delegate of Continental Congress in Philadelphia and on January 24, 1776 he left Braintree accompanied by Joseph Bass leaving Abigail to care for their five children Abigail Adams, John Quincy Adams,Susanna Adams, Charles Adams, and Thomas Boylston Adams. In 1774 Massachusetts elected Adams to the Continental Congress . On June 17, 1775 war broke out with the Battle of Bunker Hill which was the start of a long battle between the 13 colonies and Great Britain. John Adams was part of the Committee of Five alongside Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston whom wrote and revised a Decleration on Independence.On June 23 a conference of committees from every county in Pennsylvania declared that the delegates of Pennsylvania in Congress should vote for independence.
July 2nd, 1776. in Philadelphia, the American colonies declared independence. Adams wrote to Abigail: “It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations from one end of this continent to the other from this time forward”. In old age, Adams and Jefferson would try to recall the signing of the Declaration of Independence, yet with that summer being so crowded, they would incorrectly insist that the signing took place July 4th. Abigail would write to John and tell him the she and the children were going to be inoculated for the smallpox disease and he would respond as if confused on whether he should stay or come back home eventually choosing to stay home saying that if he were to leave now he would have no clue on what could possibly happen. He would wish his family the best and not return home.
On November 27, Congress named Adams a commissioner to work with Franklin and Arthur Lee in negotiating a French alliance. Because the allliance with the French was not sucessful, Adams was sent back home where on October 30th 1779 Adams was elected to write a Constitution or Form of Government for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. This was his 44th birthday. The Constituition of Commonwealth of Massachsetts is the oldest functioning constitution in the world.
On Friday, October 19, at Yorktown, Virginia, by Chesapeake bay, the British General Cornwallis had surrenderd his army to a combined American and French under Washington and Rochambeau meaning that America had won the phyisical part of the American revolution. The British and Americans negotiated a deal on the new land and relieved control over America officially making it independent. The American Revolution was successful. Also with America in favor, Adams was able to negotiate a loan of 5 million guilder. Still not the 10 million that Congress wanted but it was a start.
Washington was chosen president, Adams came in second in the Electoral College and became Vice President election of 1789. He was reelected in 1792. Adams once said of the Vice Presidency "This is the most unimportant position human ever made". In the first year of Washington's administration, Adams became deeply involved in a month-long Senate controversy over what the official title of the President would be, favoring such lavish titles such as "His Majesty the President" or "His High Mightiness" over the blunt "President of the United States" which won of all. Adams won the election of 71 electoral votes to Jefferson's 68, whom became Vice President. There were battles within his own Federalist part which was led by Alexander Hamilton. He became the founder of an important family of politicians, diplomats and historians.
John Adams was not reelected in 1800 and with this he went back home. He enjoyed time with his family and friends as the time went along. Soon, his freinds and family began to wither away as Nabby got cancer and Abigial slowly yet surley died. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died on the same day as each other and the same day that they insisted Independence was declared.

Why A.P. U.S. History?

I signed up for A.P. U.S. because I actually LIKE history unlike some. I excelled in Mr.Sarudi's class (Honors World Studies) 8th grade year and when collecting names of people he wanted to reccomend for A.P. I was one of the few. Not wanting the oppritunity to pass me by I quickly accepted knowing that I could prepare myself for the work and get into a "college mindframe" with due time. Also, I thought, hey, if im going to come out of the Academic Center I want to take advantage of what I'm allowed to get. Therefore, I thought not only do I like history but, thinking of the future, this would look great on my high school transcript. I was really anxious throughout the summer to see the work in store. Now being here for two days, im excited to see how the school year is going to turn out.

-Eric R.